There is a correct way to use, in English, abbreviations originated from Latin terms and phrases. Here we show you the right use of the most common 10.
Feel free to share these with your ESL class and have some fun practicing them!
This abbreviation means exempli gratia or ‘for example’ and it should always be used with the periods and followed by a comma to signal sample examples¾e.g.,¾.
Example: “I like many of the ladies on the Food Network (e.g., Rachael Ray, Giada DeLaurentiis, etc.)”
It means et cetera or ‘and so forth’ and is commonly misspelled ect. It must be preceded by a comma. Do not use etc. in an e.g. list, as abbreviations are redundant.
Example: “The drawer held items like scissors, clips, post-its, pens, markers, etc.”
This means et alia or ‘and others’ and is normally used to substitute the names of all but the primary author in a reference to a multiauthor publication or article. There is no period after et because this word is not an abbreviation. Do not precede it with a comma.
Example: “Possible explanation supplied by Kahneman et al.”
The second word in this term¾alias¾is used alone to mean ‘otherwise known as’ or ‘an assumed name’.
This abbreviation means id est or ‘that is’ and, like e.g., is often wrongly used without periods. Followed by a comma, it precedes a clarification, not examples as e.g. introduces.
Example: “We are traveling to the state in which Grandma lives, i.e., Florida.”
It means floruit or ‘flourished’ and is used in association with a reference to a person’s heyday, commonly in lieu of a range of years denoting the person’s life span.
Example: “John Jones (fl. 1197–1229)”
Meaning nota bene or ‘note well’, it can be easily replaced by the imperative note, and is used in uppercase letters and followed by a colon.
Example: “We are going to the Himalayas in January – N.B.: it is very cold at that time of year, so make sure to bring warm clothes.”
This is a British English abbreviation that means per centum or ‘for each one hundred’ and is spelled in U.S. English as percent.
Example: “Many card issuers now have purchase rates above 20 per cent and cash advance rates above 21 per cent.”
It is the short for in re or ‘in the matter of’ and is commonly followed by a colon. It is often believed to be an abbreviation for reply, especially in email communications.
Example: “These are the claims determined re: Klein Company.”
This is the abbreviation for videlicet or ‘namely’, and unlike e.g., precedes an appositive list, one lead by a reference to a class that the list totally constitutes.
Example: “Each symbol represents one of the four elements, viz. earth, air, fire, and water.”
Note there is not a comma after it.
It means versus or ‘against’, and is abbreviated to v. in legal usage.
The term is usually used on names of boxing or wrestling matches, sports teams encounters or titles of mediocre science fiction movies.
Example: “Lakers tonight vs. Chicago Time: 7:30. On the air: TV: FS West; Radio: 710, 1330. Where: Staples Center. Records: Lakers 12-2, Bulls 7-4.”
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